5 Data-Backed Tips for Merging Bitcoin with Stocks and Bonds
Combining Bitcoin with traditional investments can seem tough. But it doesn’t have to be.
This guide will show you how to combine Bitcoin with other investments.
We’ll cover everything from asset allocation to diversification strategies. By the end, you’ll know how to balance risk and optimize your portfolio.
Let’s dive into the 5 essential tips.
Exploring Bitcoin and Traditional Portfolios
Understand the Basics of Bitcoin and Traditional Investments
- Bitcoin: Digital and decentralized currency.
- Traditional investments: Stocks, bonds, mutual funds.
Bitcoin: A Primer
Bitcoin is a digital currency that doesn’t rely on any central authority or government. Instead, it operates on a peer-to-peer network. You can think of it as money that exists only online, without any physical form. Introduced in 2009 by an unknown person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin’s decentralized nature means that transactions happen directly between users, with no middleman like a bank involved. The Blockchain, Bitcoin’s underlying technology, serves as the secure public ledger where all transactions are recorded.
Bitcoin has been highly volatile. For example, it has shown annualized returns of 50% since 2014, yet it’s also known to be 10 times more volatile than a traditional 60/40 portfolio over the same period. Source.
Traditional Investments
Stocks and bonds have been the go-to options for many investors. Stocks represent ownership in a company and typically offer dividends and capital gains. Bonds, on the other hand, are loans to corporations or governments and usually provide interest payments. Mutual funds pool money from multiple investors to buy diversified portfolios of stocks and bonds. Each comes with its own set of risks and rewards, making them a stable and longstanding investment choice.
Assess Your Investment Goals and Risk Tolerance
- Short-term vs. long-term goals.
- Appetite for risk with digital vs. traditional assets.
Short-term vs. Long-term Goals
Before diving in, consider your investment horizon. Are you looking to make quick gains or build wealth over decades? Bitcoin, with its high volatility, could offer substantial short-term returns but also carries the risk of sharp declines. Meanwhile, traditional assets like stocks and bonds have shown steady long-term growth but won’t provide the same quick returns.
For detailed strategies on long-term versus short-term investing, see Which Bitcoin Strategy is Better for 2024: Long-term or Short-term Investing?.
Risk Appetite: Digital vs. Traditional
Your tolerance for risk is crucial. If the thought of your portfolio value dropping 20% overnight terrifies you, keeping Bitcoin’s share small might make sense. Traditional assets generally have lower volatility; however, they also offer lower potential returns. Diversification can buffer against Bitcoin’s volatility, but understanding your comfort with risk will drive your allocation strategy.
Allocate Funds Wisely
- Proportion of Bitcoin in the portfolio.
- Balancing with traditional investments.
Determining Bitcoin’s Share
How much Bitcoin to hold in your portfolio is a key question. Given its high return but also high risk, a small allocation—1% to 5%—could strike a balance. Adding just 1% or 2% of Bitcoin to a traditional 60/40 portfolio doesn’t significantly increase total volatility but can improve returns. Though, at 5%, Bitcoin starts contributing over 20% of the portfolio’s total risk, potentially disrupting your risk balance.
Can You Really Make Money with Bitcoin?
- Real-world examples.
- Arguments for and against investing in Bitcoin.
Arguments for Investing in Bitcoin
One argument in favor of investing in Bitcoin is its historical performance. Since 2014, it’s added positively to diversified portfolios in 70% of one-year periods, 94% of two-year periods, and 100% of three-year periods. Additionally, with its low correlation to traditional market assets, Bitcoin can serve as a good diversification tool.
Bitcoin isn’t just about returns. Bill Gates once said, “Bitcoin is exciting because it shows how cheap it can be. Bitcoin is better than currency in that you don’t have to be physically in the same place and, of course, for large transactions, currency can get pretty inconvenient.”
Further insights on profitable Bitcoin strategies can be found here: Top Bitcoin Investment Strategies: What Works Best in 2024.
Arguments Against Investing in Bitcoin
However, Bitcoin is not without its critics. Warren Buffett has warned, “Stay away from it. It’s a mirage, basically. In terms of cryptocurrencies, generally, I can say almost with certainty that they will come to a bad ending.” This highlights the skepticism from traditional finance experts who view Bitcoin as too volatile and speculative.
For more advanced optimization methods to merge Bitcoin with traditional investments, check out Proven Data-Backed Methods to Optimize Your Bitcoin Strategy.
MOVING TO NEXT SECTION
Cryptocurrency Diversification Strategy
- Balance risk by spreading investments across various cryptocurrencies.
- Blend Bitcoin with different asset classes to minimize risk.
- Periodically rebalance your portfolio for optimal performance.
Spread Investments Across Various Cryptocurrencies
Spreading your investment across more than just Bitcoin helps reduce risk related to Bitcoin’s volatility. Here’s how to do it:
Include Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple
- Buy Ethereum (ETH): Ethereum is the second largest cryptocurrency. It offers smart contract functionality, enhancing its use case beyond a simple currency.
- Invest in Litecoin (LTC): Litecoin is often seen as the silver to Bitcoin’s gold. It offers faster transaction times and lower fees.
- Add Ripple (XRP): XRP is designed for digital payment networks and has lower correlation with Bitcoin, making it useful for diversification.
Avoid Overconcentration in One Asset
- Limit Exposure: Ensure no single cryptocurrency makes up more than 20-30% of your portfolio.
- Diversify Market Caps: Invest in a mix of large-cap (like BTC, ETH), mid-cap (like Cardano), and small-cap cryptocurrencies.
By spreading your investments, you reduce the risk that comes from having too many eggs in one basket.
Mix Bitcoin with Different Asset Classes
Mixing Bitcoin with other asset classes can provide more stability to your portfolio. Here’s how to blend these assets:
Blend with Traditional Assets like Stocks and Bonds
- Allocate Funds: Determine what percentage of your portfolio will be held in Bitcoin. A conservative approach is 5-10% in Bitcoin. Combine it with 60% in stocks and 30% in bonds.
- Select Stocks and Bonds: Invest in a diversified mix of stocks. Opt for blue-chip stocks for stability. Include government bonds like 10-Year Treasury Bonds to provide a safer investment.
Consider Gold or Real Estate as Additional Options
- Include Gold: Gold traditionally acts as a hedge against market downturns and inflation. Investing in gold ETFs can provide exposure without needing to hold physical gold.
- Real Estate: Real estate can offer stable returns and diversification. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) make it easier to invest without property management.
Combining Bitcoin with traditional assets like stocks and bonds can help you build a more resilient portfolio.
Rebalancing Your Portfolio
Rebalancing involves adjusting your portfolio to maintain your desired level of asset allocation. Here’s how to keep everything balanced:
Periodically Adjust the Mix Based on Performance
- Set a Schedule: Review your portfolio quarterly or semi-annually. Make adjustments based on asset performance.
- Use Benchmarks: Compare performance against benchmarks like the S&P 500 to gauge if adjustments are needed.
Use Automatic Rebalancing Tools Where Possible
- Rebalancing Tools: Utilize platforms offering automatic rebalancing tools like the KuCoin Smart Rebalance trading bot. Such tools automatically adjust your crypto holdings to maintain desired allocation.
- Set Parameters: Define parameters for automatic rebalancing, such as threshold percentages for asset classes to trigger adjustments.
Rebalancing ensures that your portfolio doesn’t stray too far from your risk tolerance and investment goals.
A diversified portfolio incorporating cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Ripple along with traditional assets like stocks, bonds, and potentially gold or real estate, can help reduce overall risk. By periodically rebalancing this mix, you can stay aligned with your investment goals and manage volatility more effectively.
Integrating Digital and Traditional Assets
- Use hybrid platforms for both crypto and traditional assets.
- Combine assets with Robo-Advisors.
- Open a self-directed IRA for tax benefits.
Use Hybrid Investment Platforms
Hybrid investment platforms can be a game changer. They let you manage both crypto and traditional investments in one place. This makes tracking your portfolio easier. Platforms like eToro and Robinhood offer such features.
Many hybrid platforms are growing fast. They blend centralized and decentralized exchange benefits Technoloader.
Selecting the Right Platform
- Step 1: Research different platforms. Look for ones that support both types of assets.
- Step 2: Check their fees. Some platforms may have hidden costs.
- Step 3: Look at user reviews. Make sure other users have had positive experiences.
- Step 4: Ensure that the platform has strong security features. This includes encryption and multi-factor authentication.
Managing Your Investments
- Step 1: Register for an account. Provide necessary identification documents.
- Step 2: Link your bank account for easy fund transfers.
- Step 3: Deposit funds or transfer existing assets to the platform.
- Step 4: Set up alerts to monitor your investments. Most platforms allow you to set price alerts for assets.
Leverage Robo-Advisors
Robo-Advisors can make investing easier by automating the process. They create customizable portfolios combining crypto and traditional assets based on your risk tolerance and goals.
Financial firms like BlackRock are investing in Bitcoin ETFs, which validate crypto as an investment option.
Choosing a Robo-Advisor
- Step 1: Research different robo-advisors. Pick one that supports both types of investments.
- Step 2: Compare their fees. Lower fees mean more returns for you.
- Step 3: Look at the customization options. Can you adjust your portfolio to meet your goals?
“The biggest risk of all is not taking one.” — Mellody Hobson
Setting Up Your Robo-Advisor
- Step 1: Create your account. Follow their onboarding process.
- Step 2: Fill out a risk assessment. This helps tailor your investment strategy.
- Step 3: Deposit funds into your account. Follow the platform’s method for funding.
- Step 4: Adjust your portfolio settings. Set your preferences for traditional vs. digital assets.
Open a Self-Directed IRA
A self-directed IRA gives you tax benefits and lets you invest in a wide range of assets, including Bitcoin. This can be a great way to mix crypto and traditional assets.
Setting Up a Self-Directed IRA
- Step 1: Choose an IRA custodian that supports Bitcoin. Look for firms with strong reputations.
- Step 2: Open an account. Complete the required forms and submit identification.
- Step 3: Fund your IRA. Transfer funds from an existing retirement account or deposit new funds.
- Step 4: Select your investments. Pick a mix of Bitcoin and traditional assets.
Managing Your Self-Directed IRA
- Step 1: Research your investment options. IRAs can include stocks, bonds, and Bitcoin.
- Step 2: Make informed investment choices. Consider both the potential returns and risks.
- Step 3: Monitor your investments. Regularly review the performance of your assets.
- Step 4: Consult a financial advisor. They can help you balance Bitcoin with traditional investments for optimal performance.
Investment Portfolio Optimization with Bitcoin
- Study historical data and correlation.
- Factor in costs and fees.
- Use hedging strategies for protection.
Analyze Historical Performance and Correlation
Study Past Data to Understand Bitcoin’s Behavior
Start by examining Bitcoin’s price history. For instance, its highest price reached $75,830 on March 14, 2024, while its lowest recorded price was $0.10 on October 26, 2010. The cumulative growth from 2011 is over 20,000,000%. This historical data provides perspective on the asset’s volatility and growth potential. Use real-time databases to track price movements up to the current date.
Compare with Stocks and Bonds for Correlation Analysis
Correlate Bitcoin’s performance with traditional assets like stocks and bonds. Bitcoin often shows low correlation with these assets, making it a potential diversification tool. Look into specific time frames and cross-reference with market indices like the S&P 500 or bond indices. This comparative study helps in understanding Bitcoin’s place within a diversified portfolio.
Consider Costs and Fees
Transaction Fees for Buying/Selling Bitcoin
Here’s how to factor in transaction costs. Every Bitcoin transaction incurs fees. These include network fees paid to miners and exchange fees paid to platforms like Coinbase or Binance. Network fees can vary depending on network congestion. Exchange fees might include a percentage of the transaction value or a flat fee. Evaluate these costs carefully, as they can impact net returns.
Management Fees for Traditional Portfolios and Hybrid Accounts
Traditional portfolios also come with management fees, whether you’re using a financial advisor or a Robo-Advisor. Review fees for any hybrid accounts that mix crypto and traditional investments. These might include annual management fees, deposit or withdrawal fees, and performance fees. Comparing these fees across service providers can help in selecting the most cost-effective option.
Use Hedging Strategies
Protect Your Investments with Hedging Techniques
Hedging can mitigate Bitcoin’s high volatility. Consider using futures and options contracts available on major exchanges like CME or Bakkt. A futures contract obliges you to buy or sell Bitcoin at a future date at a predetermined price. Options give you the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell at a specific price before a certain date. These tools can limit downside risk.
Options like Futures and Options Contracts for Bitcoin
For instance, if you fear a price drop, buying a put option can provide a safety net. On the flip side, if you are bullish, a call option might suit your strategy. Engage a broker familiar with crypto derivatives to navigate these instruments effectively. This can act as a form of insurance against unfavorable market movements.
In summary, examining historical performance, understanding costs, and using hedging strategies can greatly enhance your Bitcoin investment strategy. Following these steps ensures you make informed and strategic decisions when incorporating Bitcoin into your investment portfolio.
Advanced Tips for Merging Bitcoin with Stocks and Bonds
- Stay informed with market trends.
- Use multiple exchanges to reduce risk.
- Avoid common investment mistakes.
Conduct Regular Market Research
Regular market research is crucial for merging Bitcoin with traditional assets like stocks and bonds. Staying updated helps you make informed decisions. This section will cover some best practices and tools for ongoing research.
Stay Updated with Market Trends and News
To stay ahead in the investment game, keep an eye on both traditional and cryptocurrency markets. Subscribe to financial news websites like Bloomberg, CoinDesk, and Reuters for the latest updates. These platforms often provide in-depth analyses and expert opinions.
– Set up alerts: Use Google Alerts for specific keywords like “Bitcoin price” or “stock market trends.”
– Follow experts: Track insights from well-known investors on platforms like Twitter or LinkedIn.
Tools and Resources for Ongoing Research
It’s not enough to just follow the news. Use dedicated tools to conduct your own research.
– Use platforms like TradingView for technical analysis of Bitcoin and stocks.
– Employ apps like CoinMarketCap for real-time cryptocurrency prices and Yahoo Finance for traditional assets.
– Set up a research schedule. Dedicate a specific time each week to review your investments and catch up on market changes.
Diversify Across Multiple Exchanges
Using multiple exchanges for your Bitcoin investments can help reduce risk. Different exchanges offer various features and benefits. In this section, you’ll learn how to compare and select the right exchanges.
Reduce Risk by Using Multiple Cryptocurrency Exchanges
Single exchange usage can put your investments at risk due to potential hacks or outages. Spreading your assets across various platforms provides security and flexibility.
- List Exchanges: Identify a list of top exchanges suitable for your needs. Consider options like Coinbase, Kraken, and Binance.
- Distribute Investments: Allocate your Bitcoin across these exchanges. For instance, you might put 40% on Binance, 30% on Coinbase, and the remaining 30% on Kraken.
Compare Fees, Security Measures, and Liquidity
Every exchange has different attributes. Evaluate them on:
- Fees: Check transaction and withdrawal fees. Higher fees can erode profits. For example, Coinbase charges 1.49% for trades.
- Security Measures: Review security protocols. Look for features like two-factor authentication (2FA) and cold storage of funds.
- Liquidity: Ensure the exchange has high trading volume. Better liquidity means easier buying and selling.
Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them
Investing in Bitcoin alongside stocks and bonds has its share of challenges. Learn to spot these common pitfalls and implement strategies to avoid them.
Avoid Overinvestment in a Single Asset Type
It’s tempting but dangerous to put too much money into one asset. Diversify to manage risk.
– Set Limits: Allocate only a certain percentage to Bitcoin. Experts recommend 5-10% of your total investment portfolio.
– Balance: Ensure you have a healthy mix of stocks, bonds, and cryptocurrencies to spread risk.
Watch Out for Volatility and Set Stop-Loss Orders
Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile. Use stop-loss orders to protect your investments.
– Set Stop-Loss: Determine a price point to automatically sell your Bitcoin if it falls below a certain level. For example, set a stop-loss order at 10% below the purchase price.
– Monitor Closely: Keep an eye on market movements. Adjust your stop-loss orders as needed.
By following these advanced tips, you can effectively merge Bitcoin with stocks and bonds in your portfolio. Stay informed, diversify, and avoid common pitfalls to optimize your investments.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
- Identify and fix high volatility issues with stop-loss orders.
- Secure your digital wallets to avoid access loss.
Solutions to potential problems
Dealing with high volatility: Implement stop-loss orders
Understanding Stop-Loss Orders
Stop-loss orders are instructions to sell a security when it reaches a certain price. This helps minimize losses in a volatile market. When merging Bitcoin with stocks and bonds, volatility can result in quick and substantial losses. Implementing stop-loss orders provides a safety net.
Step-by-Step Guide to Setting Up Stop-Loss Orders
Step 1: Choose a Reliable Trading Platform
Select a platform that supports stop-loss orders for both Bitcoin and traditional assets. Some popular platforms include Coinbase, Binance, and Robinhood. Ensure the platform’s user reviews indicate reliability and ease of use.
Step 2: Identify Your Stop-Loss Price
Determine the price at which you want to sell an asset to prevent further loss. For instance, if you bought Bitcoin at $30,000, you might set your stop-loss at $27,000 to limit loss to 10%.
Step 3: Access the Trading Interface
Log in to your trading platform account and navigate to the trading interface. Locate the asset for which you want to implement the stop-loss order (e.g., Bitcoin, stocks, or bonds).
Step 4: Set the Stop-Loss Order
- For Bitcoin:
- Select Bitcoin from your portfolio.
- Click on “Sell.”
- Choose “Stop-Loss Order” from the order type options.
- Enter the stop price (e.g., $27,000).
- For Stocks/Bonds:
- Select the stock or bond from your portfolio.
- Click on “Sell.”
- Choose “Stop-Loss Order” from the order type options.
- Enter the stop price that aligns with your risk tolerance.
Step 5: Confirm and Monitor the Order
Verify the details and confirm the order. Keep an eye on the market to ensure your stop-loss orders are appropriately set and adjust if necessary. Utilizing real-time market alerts can also help you stay updated.
Expert Insight
Steven Cohen offers timely advice: “I always tell my traders that they would’ve loved the 1990s because it was a fairly easy time to make money. It’s hard to find ideas that aren’t picked over and harder to get real returns and differentiate yourself. We are entering a new environment. The days of big returns are gone.”
Loss of access to digital wallets: Use secure backup methods
Protecting Your Digital Wallets
The loss of access to digital wallets can be catastrophic. Implementing secure backup methods ensures continuous access. This involves setting up multiple layers of security such as backups, hardware wallets, and password managers.
Step-by-Step Guide to Securing Digital Wallets
Step 1: Use Hardware Wallets
A hardware wallet is a physical device that stores your private keys offline. Examples include Ledger Nano S, Trezor, and KeepKey. Hardware wallets are considered one of the safest ways to store Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.
Step 2: Backup Your Wallet
Create a backup of your digital wallet. Most wallet apps provide a “Backup” or “Export” option. Save the backup file on multiple secure locations such as an external hard drive and a secure cloud storage account.
Step 3: Write Down Your Recovery Phrase
When setting up a digital wallet, you’ll receive a recovery phrase (usually 12-24 words). Write it down on paper and store it in a safe place. This phrase is crucial for recovering your wallet if you lose access. Do not store it digitally to prevent hacking.
Step 4: Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
Enabling 2FA adds an extra layer of security. Use apps like Google Authenticator or Authy instead of SMS-based 2FA, which can be vulnerable to SIM swapping attacks.
Step 5: Keep Software Up-to-Date
Ensure your wallet software is regularly updated. Updates often include vital security patches that protect against new threats. Enable automatic updates if possible.
Regularly Monitor Your Backup Methods
Regular checks ensure your backup methods are functional. Test your recovery methods periodically to confirm that you can restore access to your digital wallets successfully.
Further Resources and Reading
TL;DR:
– Books and courses for advanced learning.
– Real-world examples of diversification.
– Strategies for combining Bitcoin with traditional assets.
Related topics or advanced guides
Books on cryptocurrency and traditional investment strategies
For those who want deep dives into the interplay of cryptocurrencies and traditional investing, there are several key books:
– “Cryptoassets: The Innovative Investor’s Guide to Bitcoin and Beyond” by Chris Burniske and Jack Tatar – This book dives into understanding the fundamentals of blockchain technology and how to evaluate the growing number of digital assets.
– “The Intelligent Investor” by Benjamin Graham – Though focused on traditional assets, this classic provides timeless principles of value investing that can extend to cryptocurrencies.
– “Digital Gold: Bitcoin and the Inside Story of the Misfits and Millionaires Trying to Reinvent Money” by Nathaniel Popper – This narrative gives a comprehensive history of Bitcoin, beneficial for those looking to understand the root of its market behavior.
Online courses on portfolio diversification
There are advanced courses available online for mastering the art of portfolio diversification that include both digital and traditional assets:
– Coursera’s Investment Management Specialization – This course covers topics such as portfolio management, asset allocation, and risk management.
– Udemy’s Cryptocurrency Investment Course 2024: Fund Your Retirement! – Tailored specifically for those interested in integrating cryptocurrencies into their retirement portfolios.
– MIT’s Blockchain and Money course – A deeper dive into the mechanics of blockchain, cryptocurrencies, and financial systems, suitable for advanced learners.
Why This Skill/Task Matters
Importance of diversification in reducing risk
Diversification is a well-documented strategy in investment management aimed at reducing risk. By blending Bitcoin with traditional stocks and bonds, investors can benefit from low correlations among these assets. Data shows that Bitcoin and traditional assets move independently of each other, thereby spreading risk and reducing potential losses in a downturn.
Long-term benefits of blending Bitcoin with traditional investments
Integrating Bitcoin into a traditional portfolio can yield long-term benefits. Beyond the short-term gains from Bitcoin’s volatility, diversified portfolios tend to outperform single-asset portfolios over time. Numerous studies support the inclusion of a small percentage of Bitcoin to enhance overall returns without substantially increasing risk.
Contextualize the importance of the skill or task
Real-world examples of successful diversified portfolios
Real-life examples highlight the effectiveness of diversified portfolios:
– Yale University’s endowment fund, managed by David Swensen, famously includes alternative investments like hedge funds and private equity, showcasing a model that other institutional investors follow. As of 2024, about 3-4% of the fund is allocated to cryptocurrency.
– A 60-40 portfolio (60% stocks, 40% bonds) with a 5% allocation to Bitcoin from 2015 to 2023 would have seen an increase in performance and a better risk-return profile compared to a portfolio without Bitcoin.
Economic and market conditions favoring diversified investments
Economic conditions can significantly influence investment strategies. In times of market volatility or inflation, Bitcoin often acts as a hedge similar to gold. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Bitcoin saw increased adoption due to its decentralized nature and perceived value outside traditional financial systems.
Further reading recommendations
For an even deeper understanding of merging Bitcoin with traditional investments, consider reading articles like How to Create a Bitcoin Investment Strategy: A Detailed Approach and Proven Strategies to Diversify Within Bitcoin Investments. These provide actionable strategies and advanced tips for successful investing.
Arguments For and Against This Topic
Arguments for investing in Bitcoin alongside traditional assets
Bitcoin proponents argue for its potential to enhance portfolio performance. As Brad Garlinghouse noted, “If the cryptocurrency market overall or a digital asset is solving a problem, it’s going to drive some value.” The low correlation with traditional assets offers significant diversification benefits, reducing overall portfolio risk.
Arguments against integrating Bitcoin
Skeptics like Warren Buffett warn about Bitcoin’s speculative nature and potential regulatory risks. Buffett once famously said, “Stay away from it. It’s a mirage, basically.” This perspective highlights the importance of understanding the potential downsides of including cryptocurrencies in your investment strategy.
Where to continue your trip down the rabbit hole
For those ready to delve deeper into merging Bitcoin with traditional portfolios, additional resources include:
– Academic papers on the risk-return profiles of diversified portfolios incorporating cryptocurrencies.
– Webinars and seminars with experts from financial institutions like JP Morgan and Fidelity, which are increasingly reporting on investor sentiment and institutional adoption.
– Forums and communities like the CFA Institute, where professionals discuss trends and strategies.
Bringing It All Together
We’ve walked through the essentials of mixing Bitcoin with traditional investments. You now have the tools to balance your portfolio, spread risk, and use digital and traditional platforms effectively.
Consider the value of a diversified portfolio—balance is key. Start by defining your investment goals. Use hybrid platforms for easy management. Periodically rebalance your portfolio based on performance.
Are you ready to blend Bitcoin into your investment strategy? Try it today and see how it fits into your financial plan.